Robert Bunsen essays

Robert Bunsen essays Robert Wilhelm Bunsens name was famous for a a few discoveries in the field of chemistry. For example... you might recognize Bunsen from the lab device, the Bunsen Burner. He also helped invent the spectroscope and discovered spectrum analysis. And at the beginning of his career, he discovered that iron oxide is an antidote for arsenic. Robert Bunsen was born on March 31st, 1811 in Gottingen, Germany. He was educated at the University of Gottingen, and between 1836 and 1852, he taught at the Polytechnic Institute in Kassel and the universities of Marburg + Breslau. He was considered as one of the greatest chemists in the world all because of his discoveries and inventions. Though Bunsens name may make you think about the Bunsen Burner (by popular belief), it turns out that he had little to do with the invention. Although he popularized the device, the credit for the design goes to the British chemist/physicist, Michael Faraday. Bunsen improved the burner's design to aid in spectroscopy. The bunsen burner was a heating device thats used in labs because it proveides a hot, steady and smokeless flame. It was named after Robert Bunsen because he was the one who adapted the concept of the gas-air burner in 1855. The burner is a short and vertical tube of metal connected to a gas source and theres a hole at the bottom to admit the air. The flow of the air is controlled by an adjustable collar on the tube. Within five years of the development of the burner, Bunsen and was deeply involved with spectroscopy, inventing another instrument: the Bunsen-Kirchhoff spectroscope. This instrument of chemical analysis can trace its ancestry to components like a "prism, a cigar box, and two ends of otherwise unusable old telescopes. From the beginnings came the instrument which proved to be of importance in chemical analysis and the discovery of new elements. ...

Virgie Ammons Patents a Fireplace Damper Actuating Tool

Virgie Ammons Patents a Fireplace Damper Actuating Tool Virgie Ammons was an inventor and woman of color who invented a device for dampening fireplaces. She received a patent for a fireplace damper actuating tool on September 30, 1975. Little is known about the life of Virgie Ammons. One source says she was born on Dec. 29, 1908 in Gaithersburg, Maryland and died on July 12, 2000. She lived in West Virginia for most of her life.  Ammons filed her patent on August 6, 1974, at which time she was living in Eglon, West Virginia. There is no information to be found about her education, training or profession. One unverified source says she was a self-employed caretaker and a practicing Muslim who attended services in Temple Hills. Fireplace Damper Actuating Tool - Patent US 3,908,633 A fireplace damper actuating tool is a tool that is used to open and close the damper on a fireplace. It keeps the damper from opening or fluttering in the wind.   If you have a fireplace or stove, you may be familiar with the sound of a fluttering damper. A damper is an adjustable plate that fits in the flue of a stove or the chimney of a fireplace. It helps control the draft into the stove or fireplace. Dampers could be a plate that slides across the air opening, or it could be fixed in place in the pipe or flue and turned so the angle allows more or less air flow. In the days when cooking was done on a stove that was powered by burning wood or coal, adjusting the flue was a way of controlling the temperature. Virgie Ammons may be have been familiar with these stoves, given her date of birth. She may also have lived in an area where electric or gas stoves were not common until later in her life. We have no details as to what her inspiration was for the fireplace damper actuating tool. With a fireplace, opening the damper allows more air to be drawn into the fireplace from the room and convey the heat up the chimney. More air flow can often result in more flames, but also in losing more heat rather than warming the room. Keeping the Damper Closed The patent abstract  says Ammons damper actuating tool addressed the problem of fireplace dampers that flutter and make noise when gusty winds affected the chimney Some dampers do not remain fully shut because they have to be light enough in weight so the operating lever can open them easily. This makes small differences in air pressure between the room and the upper chimney draw them open. She was concerned that even a slightly open damper could cause a significant loss of heat in winter, and could even result in loss of coolness in summer. Both would be a waste of energy. Her actuating tool allowed the damper to be closed and held closed. She noted that when not in use, the tool could be stored next to the fireplace. No information was found as to whether her tool was manufactured and marketed.

International oil and gas law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

International oil and gas law - Essay Example This will start by explaining the types of agreement that the government can enter into when the current term with an oil development company called Noble Oil expires and the reasons why such type of agreement could be suitable. Also, following oil discovery in Amazia, the paper will discuss how the Urbania should go about oil development in that region as well as give an advice on which company the government should work with. Finally, the paper will discuss the various types and sources of finance that are available for Urbania, considering that the country does not have adequate resources to fund oil development projects. A. What type of agreement should Urbania enter into for continued development of, and production from, the Western Plateau region, when the current concession expires? Be sure to give reasons for your recommendation. There are several fundamental agreements that can be made between the government of Urbania and Nobel Oil Company including the Joint Venture Agreem ent, concession, service contract and production sharing agreement.1 The government can decide to continue with the current concession agreement if it wants to guarantee the ownership of the oil resources of the company that will be granted the license. Technically, this ownership is enjoyed in exchange for royalty, which is usually estimated at a fixed rate on the quantity of oil produced. In some situations, the company can also enjoy tax exceptions and reduced custom duties in exchange for the extraction rights. This agreement will present Nobel Oil with a long duration of agreement with the government of Urbania, and it will be difficult for the government to include a ‘lock in’ clause such that it will be hard for any party to pull out for whichever reason. Nevertheless, this type of agreement comes with some disadvantages. For instance, a concession is a long-term agreement, which is usually faced with problems related to adjustment of financial commitments as a r esult of unexpected circumstances. 2 It will also be a disadvantage on the side of the licensed company because it will be required to pay higher amount of pre-oil discovery fee, and following the discovery of oil, the company is likely to pay very high amounts of royalties as well as income tax. The current rate of royalty is 16%, which will somewhat generate a substantial amount of revenue and hence a good reason for the government to retain concession when the current one expires. The concession contains relinquishment clauses, which could compel the Oil Company to either to discover commercial reserves; or following the discovery of commercial reserves within a certain period of time, relinquish usable portions of the concession back to Urbania government. The concession has an express work obligation of a limited period of time within which the Oil Company is expected to commence oil exploration and on discovery of commercial reserves, the company would be expected to develop o il in accordance with good oilfield practice. This means that the government will have some powers to control the activities of the oil company in a manner that ensures the company is following oil industry practices. The joint venture agreement is another option that Urbania government can put into considerations after the current